经典场论 (第4版)(理论物理学教程第2卷)


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收藏	经典场论 (第4版)(理论物理学教程第2卷) 作者:EMLifshitz,LDLandau, 分类:物理学人气: 装帧:平装 / 24开 / 402页 / 0字 ISBN(10位/13位):7506242567 出版:世界图书出版公司于1999-05- 1出版定价:¥64元标签(Tags):管理学财政税收音乐理论物理学收藏人数：

简介:

1962年，朗道因“研究凝聚态物质的理论，特别是液氦的研究”而获得诺贝尔物理学奖。这是他的《理论物理学教程》中的一卷。这套书可以说专业教材的一个顶峰之作，广受好评，在物理学界有广泛影响。

CONTENTS

EXCERPTS FROM THE PREFACES TO THE FlRST AND SECOND EDITIONS

PREFACE TO THE FOURTH ENGLISH EDITION

EOITOR'S PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH RUSSIAN EDITION

NOTATION

CHAPTER 1. THE PRISCIPLE OF RE ATIVIT

1 Vclocity of propagaiion of interaction

2 Imcrvals

3 Proper time

4 The Lorentz translormation

5 Transformation of velocities

6 Four-vectors

7 Four-dimensional vclocity

CHAPTER 2. RELATIVISTIC MECHANICS

8 The principle of leasl action

9 Energy and momentum

10 Transformation of distribulion functions

11 Dccay of particles

12 Invariant cross-section

13 Elaslic collisions of particles

14 Angular momentum

CHAPTER 3. CHARGES IS ELtCTROMACNETlC FlELOS

15 Elemenlary particles in the theot of relativity

16 Four'-potenlia! ofa field

17 Eqnations of molion of a charge in a fier

18 Gauge invariance

19 Constant electromagnetic ficld

20 Motion in a conslanl uniform elctric field

21 Motion in a conslant uniform magnetic field

22 Motion of a charge in constanl uniform electric and magnclic selds

23 The electromagnetic field tensor

24 Lorentz transformation of the field

25 Invariants of Ihe field

CHAFTER 4. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FlELD EOUATIONS

26 The fist pair of Maxwell's equations

27 The action function of the eleclromagnetic field

28 The four-dimensionat current vector

29 The equation of continuity

30 The second pair of Maxwell equations

31 Energy density and energy flux

32 The energy-momtntum tcnsor

33 Energy-momentum tensor of the elcctromagnetic field

34 The virial theorem

35 The encrgy-momentum tensor for macroscopic bodies

CHAPTER 5. CONSTANT ELECTROMAGNETIC FlELDS

36 Coulomb's law

37 Electrostatic energy of charges

38 The field of a uniformly moving charge

39 Motion in the Coulomb field

40 The dipole moment

41 Multipole moments

42 System of charges in an external field

43 Constant magnetic ficld

44 Magnetic moments

45 Larmor's theorem

CHAPTER 6. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

46 The wave equation

47 Plane waves

48 Monochromatic planc waves

49 Spectral resolution

50 Partially polarized light

51 The Fourier resolution of the electrostacic field

52 Characteristic vibrations of the ficld

CHAITER 7. THE PROPAGATION OF LlGHT

53 Geometrical optics

54 Intensity

55 The angular eikonal

56 Narrow bundles of rays

57 Image formation with broad bundles of rays

58 The limits of geomctricat optics

59 Diffraction

60 Fresnel diffraclion

61 Fraunhofer diffraction

CHAPTER 8. THE FlELD OF MOVING CHARGES

62 The retarded potentials

63 The Lienard-Wiechert potentials

64 Spectral resolution of the retarded polentials

65 The Lagrangian lo lerms of second order

CHAPTER 9. RADIATION Of ELECTIROMAGNETlC WAVES

66 The field of a system of charges at large distances

67 Dipole radiation

68 Dipolc radiation during collisions

69 Radiation of low frequency in collisions

70 Radiation in the case of Coulomb interaction

71 Quadrupolc and magnetic dipole radiation

72 The ficld of the radiation at near distances

73 Radiation from a rapidly moving charge

74 Synchrotron radiation (magnetic brcmsstrahlung)

75 Radiation damping

76 Radiation damping in the relativistic case

77 Spectral resolution of the radiation in the ultrarelativistic case

78 Scaltering by free charges

79 Scadering of low-frequency waves

80 Scattering of high-frequency waves

CHAPTBR 10. PARTICLE IN A GRAVITATlONAL FlELD

81 Gravitational fields in nonrelaiivistic mechanics

82 The gravitational field in relalivislic mechanics

83 Curvilinear coordinates

84 Distances and time intervals

85 Covariant differentialion

86 The relation of the Christolffel symbols (o the metric lensor

87 Motion of a particle in a gravitational field

88 The constant gravitational field

89 Rotation

90 The equations of clectrodynamics in the prcsencc of a gravitational field

CHAPTER 11. THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD EQUATIONS

91 The curvature tensor

92 Properties of the curvature tensor

93 The action function for the gravitational ficld

94 The energy-momentum (ensor

95 The Einstein equations

96 Thc energy-momemum pseudotensor of (he gravnational field

97 The synchronous reference system

98 The tetrad representalion of the Einstein equattons

CHAPTER 12 THE FlELD OF GRAVITATINC BODIES

99 Newton's law

100 The centrally symmetric gravitalional field

101 Motion in a centrally symmetric gravitational field

102 Gravitational collapse of a spherical body

103 Gravitational collapse of a dustlike sphere

104 Gravitational collapse of nonspherical and rotating bodies

105 Gravitational fields at largc distanccs from bodics

106 The equations of motion of a syslem of bodies in thc second approximation

CHAPTER 13 GRAVITATIONAL WAVES

107 Weak gravitalional waves

108 Gravitational waves in curved space-time

109 Strong gravitational waves

110 Radiation of gravitational waves

CHAPTER 14. RELATIVISTIC COSMOLOGY

111 Isotropic space

112 The closed isotropic model

113 The open isotropic modcl

114 Theredshift

115 Gravitational stability of an isotropic universe

116 Homogeneous spaces

117 The flat anisotropic model

118 Oscillating regime ofapproach 10 a singular point

119 The time singularity in the general cosmological solulion of the Einstein equations

INOEX

内容摘要:

CHAPTER 1

THE PRINCIPLE OF RELATIVITY

?1. Velocity of propagation of interaction

For the description of processes taking place in nature, one must havc a system of

reference. By a system ofreference we understand a system ofcoordinates serving to indicate

the position of a particle in space, as well as clocks fixed in this systcm serving to indicate

thc time.

There exist systcms of reference in which a freely moving body, i.e. a moving body which

is not acted upon by external forces, proceeds with constant velocity. Such rcference systcms

are said to be inertial.

If two reference systems movc unifo mly relative to each other, and if one of them is an

inertial system, then clearly the other also inertial (in this system too every frce motion will

be linear and uniform). In this wa one can obtain arbitrarily many inertial systems of

reference, moving uniformly relati e to one another.

Experiment shows that the sc called principle of relativity. is valid. According to this

principle all the laws of nature are idenlical in all inertial systcms of rcferencc. In othcr

words, the equations expressin the laws of nature are invariant with respect to transforma-

tions.of coQrdipates and time from one inertial system tb another. This mcans that thc

equation describing any lav of nature, when written in terms of coordinates and time in

different inertial reference systems, has one and the same form.

The interaction of material particles is described in ordinary mechanics by means of a

potential cnergy qf interaction, which appears as a function of the coordinatcs of thc intcr-

acting paTticles. It is easy to see that this manncr of describing interactions contains the

assumption of instantaneous propagation of interactions. For thc forces exerted on each

ofthe particles by tbe other particles at a particular instant oftime depend, according to this

description, only on the positions of the particles at this one instant. A change in the position

of any of the interacting particles influences the other particles immediatcly.

However, experiment shows that instantaneous interactions do not exist in nature. Thus a

mechanics based on the assumption of instantaneous propagation of interactions contains

within itself a pertain inaccuracy. In actuality, ifany change takes placc in onc ofthc mter-

acting bodies, it will influence the other bodies only after the lapsc of a certain interval of

time. It is only after this time interval that processes caused by the initial change begin to

take place in the secpnd body. Diyiding the distance between thc two bodies by this time

interval, wc obtain the velocity of propagation of the mleraction.

We note that this velocity should, strictly speaking, bc called the maximum velocity of

propagation of interaction. It dctermines only that interval of time after which a change

occurring in one body begins to manifest itself in another. It is clear that the existence ofa

maximum velocity of propagation of interactions implies, at the same time, that motions of

bodics with grcater velocity than this arc in gcncral impossible in nalurc. For ifsuch a motion

could occur, then by mcans of it one could realize an interaction with a velocity exceeding

the maximum possible velocity of propagation of intcractions.

Interactions propagating from one parliclc to another arc frequcntly callcd "signals",

sent out from thc first particle and "informing" the second particle of changes which the

first has expericnced. The velocity of propagation of intcraction is then rcferrcd to as the

signal velocity.

From the principle of relativity it follows in particular that thc vclocity of propagation

of interactions is the same in all inertial systems of rcference. Thus the velocity of propaga-

tion of interactions is a universal constant. This constant velocity (as we shall show later) is

also the vclocity of light in empty space. Thc velocity of light is usually designated by the

lettcr c, and its numcrical value is

c= 2.998 x l010cm/sec. (1.1)

The large value of this velocity cxplains the fact that in practice classical mcchanics

appears to be sufficiently accurate in most cases. Thc vclocities with which we have occasion

to deal arc usually so small compared with the vclocity of light that the assumption that thc

lattcr is infinite does not materially affcct the accuracy of the rcsults.

Thc combination ofthe principle ofrelativity with thc finiteness ofthe vclocity ofpropaga-

tion of intcractions is called thc p'rincip'e of relalicity of Einstein (it was formulated by

Einstein in 1905) in contrastto theprinr ple ofrelativity ofGalileo, which was based on an

infinitc velocity of propagation of inte actions.

The-mechanics based on the Einste lian principle ofrelativity (we shall usually refer to it

snnply as thc principle of relativit- / is called relaiwisltc. In thc limiting case when the

velocities of the moving bodies are mall comparcd with thc velocity of light we can neglect

the effect on the motion of the f litencss of the velocity of propagation. Then relativistic

mechanics goes over into the usaal mcchanics, based on the assumption of instantaneous

propagation of intcractions; tl s mechanics is called Newlonian or classical. The limiting

transition from relativistic to classical mechanics can be produced fbrmally by the transition

to the limit c -> oo in the formulas of relativistic mechanics.

In classical mechanics distance is already relative, i.e. the spatial relations between

different events depend on the system of reference in which they are described. The state-

ment that two nonsimultaneous evcnts occur at one and the same point jn space or, in

general, at a definitc distance from each other, acquirs a meaning only wben we indicate the

system of reference which is used.

On the other hand, time is absolute in classical mechanics; in other words, the properties

of timc are assumed to be independent of the system of referencc; there is one time for all

reference framcs. This means that if any two phenomena occur timultancously for any one

obscrver, then they occur simultaneously also for all others. In general, the interval of time

bctween two given events must be identical for all systems of reference.

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经典场论 (第4版)(理论物理学教程 第2卷)

经典场论 (第4版)(理论物理学教程第2卷)